Just Load It!

Hi all,

The first Mastering Lower Limb Tendinopathy Course for the year is in Sydney the end of March. Physios and non-physios very welcome. 

This week we have another very interesting blog from Erik Meira. The last guest blog was incredebly popular so it is my pleasure to have him on again. This time Erik touches on the potential mechanisms of exercise, moving beyond neuromuscular effects to psychological mechanisms and how they may play out. You can catch Erik deliver his Hip and Knee course in Melbourne this August - early bird rate ends soon!

See you next time

Peter

Just Load It

BY ERIK MEIRA

It has been quite a while since I created my “LOAD IT!!!” flowchart. The chart was just something that I slapped together one day without much thought, as an expression of frustration with physical therapists making things more complicated than they needed to be. I was sick and tired of hearing about all the tapes, massages, stretches, and “functional” training being prescribed to patients in the absence of any significant load application. So I made this:

My handy flow chart. Click to embigginate.
Since I released that flowchart, there have been several incidences whereupon meeting someone for the first time they remark, “Hey! Aren’t you the ‘Load It’ guy?!”

I guess so…

What does it mean to “Load It”?

As with damn near everything I’ve created, there have been some misunderstandings regarding the point of “Load It”. The most common thing that I hear is that the view is too narrow-minded – “It’s not just about load.” This misunderstanding seems to come from confusion regarding the effects of load.

First, when I say “load it” I am generally referring to applying stress to the organism. As physical therapists, the tool that we have in order to apply that stress is load in the form of external weight. Now the application of load requires a thoughtful approach which is why I like to say that we are in the business of load management.

One misconception about load application is a belief that it is about nothing more than building muscle. The thought here is that, since the application is in the form of resistive exercise, the effects being pursued must be strictly “in the tissue”. Although strength development is a good reason to apply load, that is not the only thing that happens.

The application of load has many effects on the organism as a whole. In this post I’m going to discuss three main categories: Structural, Neuromotor, and Psychological. That is not to say load doesn’t have other effects such as hormonal and cardiovascular as well. Keep in mind, all of these effects are layered and continuously interacting. Because of this, simplified explanations of effects (such as this post) will always be imperfect.

Structural

These are the effects people typically think of first when they think of what load does to the body. The most obvious are the muscle effects which can, in its simplest definition, be described as “strength”. But strength is a funny thing. The physical effects to the muscle refer to the absolute tissue strength and force production the muscle fibers could achieve in isolation (denervated). The capacity of that muscle to generate force.

In other words, if you took that muscle out of the human and wired it up on a machine for full contraction, how much force would it put out?

The ability of a human to generate force is a complicated thing dependent on more than muscle capacity. That said, the ability of a human to generate force is constrained by peak force that can be produced by a full contraction in isolation. You can’t will yourself beyond the physical limits.

But there is more than just muscle adaptations. All the other structural tissues respond to load as well including tendons, ligaments, bones, etc. As a complete physical organism, the human body is designed to manipulate loads and adapt to interactions with load in an active way. This collectively falls under the umbrella of “tissue change”. These changes, however, do require a considerable amount of load. Way beyond what you can apply with your hands.

The problem is that many people get the misconception that these physical effects are all that happens to the human body when loaded. I find that this is true of both the supporters and detractors of “Load It”. Now here is the key point of this post:

Saying that it’s all about load is not the same as saying it’s all about structure.

So let’s explore further…

Neuromotor

Structural components are not the only things that adapt to load. The nervous system also goes through changes when the organism is being physically loaded. Through a complex process of trial and error, the nervous system begins to learn how to interact and manipulate loads in the way it directs all of those structural components.

The key phrase here is “complex process”. Many people think I’m talking about what is going on through high level “neuromuscular re-education” and “functional training”. I’m not. I have said before that I don’t believe these interventions achieve what people think they are achieving: Correction of movement.

What I am talking about is the coordinated recruitment of muscle against simple load to the system. This complex process is occurring even with the simplest of movements. For example the neural complexity required to perform a basic leg extension is almost beyond comprehension. I feel that this critical component of load adaptation is often overlooked and underestimated.

Psychological

For some reason, the psychological effects of interacting against load seem to be rarely considered. I think that these are likely the largest effects that can be achieved by applying load to a patient. Let’s try to understand this through some examples…

If I have a current history of back pain, when I look at a heavy weight I will likely feel scared and fragile regardless of my strength. There is an equation in my head that says:

"Load = Danger"

Consciously AND unconsciously I believe that there is a good chance that the application of load will cause injury to my perceived fragile structure. In other words, I have an expectation of harm. Pain, a protective device, stops me from engaging in this perceived threat.

When I work against load I don’t just become stronger, I feel stronger. As I feel stronger, I perceive the risk of injury to be lower. If my perception of risk is lower, the perceived need for my protective device (pain) is also lower. I am not only becoming physically stronger, I am becoming psychologically stronger.

But there is more than this going on. Now let’s say that I have symptoms consistent with patellar tendinopathy. Sure there are some structural changes going on there but what about my mental state? Similar to the previous example, there can be an expectation of harm.

I sit down on a leg extension machine that is loaded with the full weight stack – immovable for my weak-ass knee. This gives me an opportunity to perform some isometrics. Isometrics are really popular nowadays…

I start kicking into the pad and immediately there is pain. My automatic reaction is to obey that pain response and stop kicking immediately. The system believes that harm was imminent and by aborting the exertion, it believes the tendon was saved. Hooray! All expectations are preserved.

But now let’s throw caution to the wind and push through the pain. I begin pushing against the pad and immediately feel the pain again. Instead of obeying the pain response, I override it and keep kicking into the pad, pushing that line of tolerable pain. As I continue to push longer and harder my protective process ramps up:

"DANGER! DANGER! CONTINUED LOADING WILL RESULT IN DAMAGE TO THE TENDON! CONTINUED LOADING WILL RESULT IN DAM-

Wait. Hold on. Nothing is happening. The tendon is NOT tearing. The tendon is NOT fragile. This pain appears to be a false alarm and can be ignored."

Weirdly, I now have less pain. But was that due to structural change in the tendon? No. Not that quickly. So what else could be going on?

Expectancy violation

I had an expectation that damage would occur when the tissue was loaded – Load is dangerous. I tested that expectation. The expectation was wrong. It was violated. I begin to develop a new expectation, the expectation that load is safe.

This phenomenon is known as “expectancy violation” and is a technique promoted for the treatment of phobias. Weirdly, it is most effective when the subject feels the least safe.

They have to really expect that their worst fear MUST happen when tested. So that means no preliminary education that would alter their expectation. It also means that you would NOT want to open a “window of opportunity” first. As a matter of fact, you would want to slam all windows shut before the exposure to raise the expectation as high as possible. That exposure should then be as heavy as tolerable.

Load is simple but the effects are not

I get frustrated when supporters of load application disregard the psychological effects that could explain their results. But I get equally as frustrated when the detractors forget that load application is an opportunity for systemic effects that are more than structural. And that is not even considering other effects such as hormonal and cardiovascular.

When someone simply moves against a weight, there is a lot of complex stuff going on.

Let me be crystal clear – I do believe that our patients likely have deconditioned structures (muscles, tendons, etc) that need increased load tolerance, but I also believe there is much more going on. When load is applied to a patient all three types of effects are occurring at all times. Sometimes the effects are more structural. Sometimes they are more psychological. Sometimes it is something else. A skilled physical therapist considers all of these things when they “LOAD IT!!!!”

In summary…

• Damn near everything I say is misunderstood
• Loading an individual has structural, neurological, and psychological effects
• Saying that it’s all about load is not the same as saying it’s all about structure
• When someone works against load they don’t just become stronger, they feel stronger
• Use higher loads to enhance violation of harmful expectations of damage
• Load is simple but the effects are not

BY ERIK MEIRA via Tendinopathy Rehab

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